Background and purpose: Today, with the expansion of urbanization and the creation of special living conditions, the need to take a special look at the category of urban development and the factors that strengthen or disrupt it is felt. Security is necessary for the development of cities, and one of the factors that endangers the security of cities and slows down urban development is urban violence. Reviewing scientific studies in the field of urban violence and street fights in Iran and the world, as well as summarizing the results in this field in order to achieve a new explanation and analysis of this issue, is the main goal of this article. Method: This research is one of the qualitative researches in which the seven-step meta synthesis method of Sandelowski and Barso was used. Findings: In order to carry out the research, after going through the evaluation and validation stages, 10 scientific articles in Farsi language and 11 scientific articles in English language (total 21 articles) were found to be relevant. Based on the analysis and synthesis of selected researches, 49 concepts in the form of 7 categories were finally identified as the causes of urban violence. These 7 categories are psychological-personality, family, urban environment, social-cultural, economic, institutional-management and judicial-policy causes. Conclusion: The results of this research show that 49 concepts extracted from studies are effective on urban violence.

One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

The role of design in ensuring safety and security in the residential environment is more than ever before. This means that the necessary tools should be provided to create some self-surveillance capabilities in the environment. The physical environment should be designed in such a way that opportunities for residents have improved monitoring and in turn, reduce the opportunities for criminal acts. But sometimes due to inappropriate use of architectural elements and ignorance designers from the effects of these elements on the environment, such features taken from the environment or are weakened. This study examines the impact of security on the courtyard walls of the inhabitants of the villages of Turkmen folk in Gonbad-e Kavus. Based on preliminary studies and theoretical frameworks to make the content more secure homes with transparent walls around the courtyard with solid walls courtyards, led increase residents' fear of crime in proportion to the increase of wall rigidity. The following hypotheses were considered for this study: It seems that the visual openness wall has an impact on the security perceived by residents. It also increases the rigidity of the wall of the yard. A sense of isolation and vulnerability of the residents and houses increase fear of crime inside them. In this study, one of the villages in the Turkmen city of Gonbad-e Kavus has been chosen as the study sample. The research methodology is Non-interference observation and a questionnaire package. Since the independent variable is continuous and quantitative, we could record it at the location. Some of the physical characteristics of the study area are needed to conduct a research on. Observation and records of the condition of the walls of the courtyard are done. On the other hand, the security (both physical and mental) and on related issues such as crime rate, residents' sense of security, spatial and temporal characteristics of the crime and so on, are not measurable through observation, hence closed questionnaire has been prepared for this purpose. The research method is descriptive analysis, correlating and considering the objectives applicableThe vulnerability of both types of houses with transparent walls and homes with rigid walls and the impact of each on the rate of sense of security and the fear of crime in their residents were evaluated. Both the data gathered from observation and questionnaires were distributed and collected after completion, logical reasoning and statistical analysis were evaluated. The analysis showed that the existence of a type of the security wall for units and residential of neighborhoods in the villages of Turkmen in Gonbad-e Kavus has a significant positive impact. In other words, with increasing visual openness of courtyard wall of rural house, security and safety of house resident’ s increases. In the past, rural house without the yard has provided more security for residents and the rate of occurrence of crime in the countryside to reduce the intensity. Today, adding the walls of the courtyard to rural houses as an imitation of cities and villages have been experiencing insecurity. The type of constructed wall based on the amount of transparency effect on affect the rate of home security not to mention their resident security. The results showed that not always building tall rigid walls around the rural houses in a naturally virgin environment comes with security. Otherwise, in places where self-surveillance is less natural and more difficult, their high walls attractive to thieves and thus constituting a threat to the security of the houses and its residents. Also, most importantly than security is a sense of security that people feel relaxed and free from all fear and anxiety caused by the state.

Home is the first pillar of social life and the most important space of human life, which by defining the territory and its relationship with other spaces, achieves a balanced interaction with this primary territory. The increased urban density following the changes in the contemporary lifestyle has led to the weakening of the home-based-spaces, which provided a just passing through spaces due to the disruption of the territorial behavior in the lack of residents' surveillance. The purpose of this research is to reduce the gap between theory and practice, by presenting the theoretical framework and testing the physical features using space syntax, answering the question of what spatial structure and physical features based on configuration imply territorial behavior. The research’s hidden assumption is that by creating spatial hierarchies in secondary territories and dividing them into three spatial domains, plus paying attention to the effects of physical configuration characteristics and the access structure between domains, it is possible to achieve interactive secondary territories with transparent shared ownership that can be defended. The research methodology is to explain the design framework in a qualitative and naturalistic way, and from a practical point of view the controlled tests of the design results using the space syntax and the comparative analogous of the mean depth in the UCL Depthmap software to analyze the effective physical features. The results show that firstly, the creation of spatial hierarchy in secondary territories leads to the strengthening of territorial behavior in the home-based-spaces, secondly, the arrangement and physical characteristics of these central open spaces, such as form of domains, access length and width, and its number, movement barriers and corners are effective in determining the privacy of territories. Also, these cases, along with visibility, natural surveillance, and people presence requiring activity support, are targeted suggestions for future researches.

Let {jm: m e M} be a generalized frame in Hilbert space H with frame bounds 0 < A £ B < ¥ and the analysis operator T: H ® L2 (m). The paper studies the relation between (space) redundancy (TH)^ and (norm) redundancy A. Also, in case dimH <¥, the effect of the redundancies on the reduction of the total energy of noise is studied.

The quality of the public arena of Iranian cities is very low, except for a few. The central areas of cities are also in a much more deplorable situation, so much so that in the management space of cities, it is known as worn-out tissue. The familiar face of these residential areas, despite their many advantages and goes back to their historical background and identity throughout the city, ruined buildings, polluted alleys and unsafe passages. Residents migrate as soon as they can. The local economy is stagnant except for market edges. Renovation and repairs are not attractive, land and property are cheap, the social and cultural conditions is at an all-time low, and municipal service infrastructure is either incomplete or defective. Therefore, urban spaces should be at the heart of planning, considering the promotion of security through design in order to combat crime and create security in society. This approach should be considered both during and after the renovation operation. When development is complete, the main opportunity to include crime prevention measures is lost if neglect is made to make definable dilapidated urban spaces negligible. And the cost of remediation and poor development is much higher than the cost of doing the steps at the beginning.

Background and aim: The present paper investigates the role of foreign residents (Afghan and Iraqi) in sense of security of men and women.Method: The statistical population consisted of residents in Rey area in Tehran in which there are lots of foreign residents.45 subjects (female and male) were randomly selected from each foreign group.Findings: Five hypotheses were proved from among four. The results showed that lack of sense of security due to residence of foreigners and fears of theft were more common among women than that of men.Conclusion: There was no difference between women and men’s sense of threat, sense of fear of foreigners commuting and their residence in the neighborhood was more rampant among women than men.

The Building Pre-Sale Law has been enacted with the focus on the way to prepare a specific contract under the title of Building Pre-Sale Contract and the regulations surrounding it. Understanding the conditions, effects, rulings, and regulations of any contract requires explaining the nature of that contract. Therefore, Article 1 of the Building Pre-Sale Law was created to explain this contract and distinguish it from other contracts, however, the legal nature of this contract has been left ambiguous. In order to examine the implementation issues and the legal effects of this contract, it is necessary to explain its nature. The present article, by analyzing and examining all the jurisprudential and legal situations, considers the rulings and nature of the building pre-sale contract to be defensible in the form of a contract of sale and explains and examines them. Although this contract has been presented jurisprudentially in the form of contracts of suspension, ji'ala, sool, istisna', kulli fi' dhimmah, ma lam yaqqab, salam wa sarf, anonymous contract of sale, and legally in the form of private, independent, obligation to sell, ceremonial, consent, covenant, ownership, and contractual contracts, and each of them has its merits. And other theories may also be proposed in the analysis and nature of the contract of advance sale of a building that will be examined jurisprudentially and legally.